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Power cycling the router might help if it’s a fault in the router’s internal tracking of addresses. If a family member, friend, or colleague manages the gateway–even as simple as they’re the one who has the password and they’ve never touched it since setting it up–ask them for help and have them read this article. Here are several methods to solve the address-in-use problem. Instead, your device is set by default to send out a query to the gateway over DHCP the gateway receives it, the NAT system finds an available address and keeps a record of it, and the DHCP server provides that address and other settings to your hardware, which is called a “lease.” You’ll note that when you connect to a Wi-Fi network or plug in via ethernet on your network (and on most networks), you aren’t asked to configure IP settings.

Most routers pair NAT with DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), which automatically assigns addresses to devices when asked. It’s a tricky process, but it’s used for trillions (maybe quadrillions) of data packets a day globally. Outgoing traffic is managed by the router so that incoming responses are passed back to the right computer or other hardware on the LAN. While most IP addresses have to be unique, because they’re all used in a big public pool–like having a unique street address in a unique city in a unique state or province–the NAT protocol allows for private addresses that are passed through gateway that maps the private address onto a shared public one. Network Address Translation (NAT) was created as a way to offer LAN-connected devices something special while preserving the pool of addresses available. The number of possible unique addresses was far smaller than what people predicted would be needed shortly, and that prediction came true. When the internet first began its superfast growth over two decades ago, the addresses used came from a relatively small range, using the IP version 4 (IPv4) standard. That’s true on a LAN or within top-level internet data exchanges, whether it’s a $10 million router or an addressable smart lightbulb. Every device that communicates over the internet needs a unique internet protocol (IP) address, a number that is used by routers to package and send data to the right recipient.